ON THE ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF A VARIABLE RATE OF DEPRECIATION

Measuring the capital stock is crucial in some fields of economic research. Capital stock is not observable, and its estimation requires the knowledge of its rate of depreciation. In most of the cases, econometric is not used for this task. However this methodology is adecuate to generate measures consistent with its productivity and the technology of the economy. If we assume that the depreciation rate is not constant, its estimation poses some technical difficulties. In principle, it is not possible to use standard econometric packages. In this note we suggest two estimation methods of a variable rate of depreciation which are easily implementable in standard packages by means of NLS or ML. The formalization of these methods and empirical evidence on its implementation is shown.Capital Stock; Variable Depreciation Rate; Production Function Estimation

El señor avisado : programas paternalistas y control social en la Castilla del siglo XVII

El autor reflexiona sobre los mecanismos sutiles de control político desplegados por la nobleza castellana durante los siglos XVI y XVII, mostrando el papel fundamental que guardan las estrategias de integración social (rituales, educación, caridad.. .) en la relativa calma social que se observa durante este período en Castilla.The author makes a reflexion on the delicate mecanisms of political control spraded by the Castillan aristocracy during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries, showing us the essencial role played by the social integration strategies (rituals, education, charity...) in the relative social calmness that specialists observe in Castille in this period

La provisión de cargos políticos en la audiencia de Guatemala (1701-1720): venalidad y criollismo

Estudio de la provisión de cargos de gobierno en la audiencia de Guatemala por Felipe V entre 1701 y 1720. Se analiza la venalidad en esta etapa, el número de provisiones, la cuantía de los ingresos y el origen de los provistos, haciendo una comparación con el periodo anterior (1674-1700). Se estudian los individuos que ejercieron, en especial los criollos, su vinculación al beneficio y su perfil social y geográficoDepartamento de Historia Moderna, Contemporánea y de América, Periodismo y Comunicación Audiovisual y PublicidadGrado en Histori

Android Malware Characterization using Metadata and Machine Learning Techniques

Android Malware has emerged as a consequence of the increasing popularity of smartphones and tablets. While most previous work focuses on inherent characteristics of Android apps to detect malware, this study analyses indirect features and meta-data to identify patterns in malware applications. Our experiments show that: (1) the permissions used by an application offer only moderate performance results; (2) other features publicly available at Android Markets are more relevant in detecting malware, such as the application developer and certificate issuer, and (3) compact and efficient classifiers can be constructed for the early detection of malware applications prior to code inspection or sandboxing.Comment: 4 figures, 2 tables and 8 page

Floridi: información y filosofía

En Este Trabajo Se Pretende Profundizar En La Filosofía De La Información Comodisciplina Académica Y En Particular En La Visión Que Tiene Luciano Floridisobre Ella. Se Estudia El Alcance, La Definición Y Los Problemas Abiertos Queconforman El Núcleo De Dicha Corriente Y Se Dan Ciertas Orientaciones Paracomprender Bien El Concepto Primitivo De Información Como Noción Omnipresente Enla Sociedad De Las Tecnologías De La Información Y La Comunicación.This Contribution Intends To Deepen Into The Philosophy Of Information, Inparticular, Into Luciano Floridi S Stance. The Scope, A Definition, And Someopen Problems That Comprise This Discipline Core Are Studied. Some Orientationsto Understand The Primitive Conception Of Information As A Pervasive Notion Inthe Information Society We Live In Is Given

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase promotes axonal growth of hippocampal neurons

Axonal growth is essential for establishing neuronal circuits during brain development and for regenerative processes in the adult brain. Unfortunately, the extracellular signals controlling axonal growth are poorly understood. Here we report that a reduction in extracellular ATP levels by tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is essential for the development of neuritic processes by cultured hippocampal neurons. Selective blockade of TNAP activity with levamisole or specific TNAP knockdown with short hairpin RNA interference inhibited the growth and branching of principal axons, whereas addition of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) promoted axonal growth. Neither activation nor inhibition of adenosine receptors affected the axonal growth, excluding the contribution of extracellular adenosine as a potential hydrolysis product of extracellular ATP to the TNAP-mediated effects. TNAP was colocalized at axonal growth cones with ionotropic ATP receptors (P2X7 receptor), whose activation inhibited axonal growth. Additional analyses suggested a close functional interrelation of TNAP and P2X7 receptors whereby TNAP prevents P2X7 receptor activation by hydrolyzing ATP in the immediate environment of the receptor. Furthermore inhibition of P2X7 receptor reduced TNAP expression, whereas addition of ALP enhanced P2X7 receptor expression. Our results demonstrate that TNAP, regulating both ligand availability and protein expression of P2X7 receptor, is essential for axonal development

A two-level enriched finite element method for a mixed problem

The simplest pair of spaces is made inf-sup stable for the mixed form of the Darcy equation. The key ingredient is to enhance the finite element spaces inside a Petrov-Galerkin framework with functions satisfying element-wise local Darcy problems with right hand sides depending on the residuals over elements and edges. The enriched method is symmetric, locally mass conservative and keeps the degrees of freedom of the original interpolation spaces. First, we assume local enrichments exactly computed and we prove uniqueness and optimal error estimates in natural norms. Then, a low cost two-level finite element method is proposed to effectively obtain enhancing basis functions. The approach lays on a two-scale numerical analysis and shows that well-posedness and optimality is kept, despite the second level numerical approximation. Several numerical experiments validate the theoretical results and compares (favourably in some cases) our results with the classical Raviart-Thomas elemen